I. General

Compared to the approximately 2.4 million asylum seekers who came to Europe since the EU-Turkey deal came into effect in March 2016 until the end of 2018 (including those whose asylum applications were rejected) [1], there were already over 4 at the end of 2017 Millions of registered asylum seekers and temporarily protected persons in Turkey [2] almost twice as many people. Less than 10% of them are accommodated in the camps. [3] The EU-Turkey agreement agreed on March 20, 2016, made Turkey from a transit country on the route to Europe to the main host country. The classification of Turkey as a safe third country is largely based on the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP), although the latter had only recently passed the set of rules (2013) as the first ever asylum regulation. [4] The very young one and untried law, including numerous legal and procedural deficiencies [5], became the legal basis of life for several million people seeking protection, while it has not yet been fully implemented by the addressed institutions.

I a. Inadequate legal protection under the Law for Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP)
The LFIP fails to meet basic needs. The possibility of applying for social assistance is severely restricted and the actual guarantee is irregular and in itself insufficient to cover basic needs. The law also does not provide for state accommodation or monetary support to finance these. [6] At the same time, however, a work permit can only be applied for six months after registration and only under certain circumstances, which exacerbates economic constraints. [7] In addition, both " Conditional Refugees ”as well as those under“ Temporary Protection ”for the entire duration of their stay in Turkey due to geographical limitations (right of residence only in assigned region; so-called satellite city) in their freedom of movement. [8] In the course of the distribution of refugees families are being torn apart, which is primarily carried out according to the respective capacities of the satellite cities and especially not according to humanitarian criteria. In addition, people who cannot find work in their assigned region and are consequently forced to leave it are driven into illegality and accordingly cut off from any state support. [9] During the period of international protection (of all categories) is subject to the decision-making power of the Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM) and is therefore generally associated with legal instabilities, [10] the "temporary protection" regulation shows further uncertainties: People of certain nationalities, such as Syrians (e.g. 3.5 million in Turkey), there is no right to an individual examination. People who fall into this category live in constant fear of mass deportation to their country of origin as soon as the situation there is classified as safe. [11] Such treatment as "guests" [12] makes it almost impossible to start a new life.

I b. Poor implementation of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP)
In addition, most people do not even experience the protection provided by the LFIP, which is insufficient in theory, as many aspects of the guaranteed rights are not granted in practice. The GDMM is still only in the process of developing the necessary expertise and modalities to carry out its tasks. [13] Since September 2018, UNHCR has also no longer operated in registration and other fields of activity, as all these are to be handed over to the GDMM. Since then, no more registrations have been carried out, which has far-reaching consequences in the lives of those affected. [14] A lack of access to relevant legal information and support [15] makes this situation even more difficult. Further difficulties arise from marginalization due to the difficult financial housing situation, as a result of which the majority of refugees live far away from the center, from hospitals, educational and other public facilities [16] and access to these is already restricted by language barriers. [17] ]


II. Situation of refugee women *

Around half of all refugees and migrants (77% of all Syrian refugees) [18] are female * and are particularly marginalized and discriminated against because of their gender. Your everyday life is characterized by particular hardship, enormous challenges and responsibility.

II a. Women * as sole responsible persons in the family
Many female * refugees in Turkey take sole responsibility for themselves and their families for the first time after they have lost husbands, fathers, brothers or sons in the war. For many women *, who previously had predominantly taken on responsibilities within the domestic sphere, this change represents a dramatic change in their lives. When they arrive in Turkey, they are suddenly confronted with unfamiliar tasks. The performance of these tasks is made more difficult by challenges such as unknown social rules, institutional functions and foreign languages.


II b. Economic hardship and lack of access to labor markets
Another aspect is the economic plight of the refugee women *. While basic state services are practically non-existent, most of them are denied access to the labor market due to a lack of prior training in the necessary skills. [19] The few remaining options for economic protection are working in illegal employment relationships or getting married as a second wife, both of which are regularly associated with high risks regarding discrimination, humiliation and gender-based violence. [20]

The constant worries about the current and future situation, as well as the permanent legal, economic and social insecurity are decisive causes of factual and mentally conditioned incapacity of women *; Previous burdens from war experiences, trauma and loss make this even more difficult. Without social, psychological and legal support, women * are denied the necessary means to overcome the current hurdles and regain strength to work towards a new, more positive future.


III. Inadequate support and civil society tensions

In addition to the institutional deficiencies, there is the fact that large parts of the local population themselves have to struggle with similar problems in many respects, especially of an economic nature. As a result, capacities for civil society engagement are low and the correspondingly few organizations are far from being able to meet the demand. [21] Meanwhile, tensions between locals and refugees are increasing. [22]






sources
[1] http://www.europarl.europa.eu/external/html/welcomingeurope/default_de.htm ; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_statistics; [2] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2018, p .9, p. 17 .; [3] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 132; p. 67 .; [4] Esra Dardagan Kibar, An Overview and Discussion of the New Turkish Law on Foreigners and International Protection, p. 1.; https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey; [5] See Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 25, p. 98 .; [6] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 66, 68, 121 .; https://www.loc.gov/law/help/refugee-law/turkey.php .; Article 95 (1) LFIP .; UNHCR, Turkey Factsheet, October 2017, available at: http://bit.ly/2ysPxlV .; [7] Articles 6-7 Regulation on Work Permit for Applicants for and Beneficiaries of International Protection .; Article 5 (1) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection .; [8] Article 82 (1) LFIP; Article 110 (4) LFIP Implementing Regulation .; [9] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 59 .; [10] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 98 .; [11] Art. 16; Art. 11 Temporary Protection Regulation (TPR) .; Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 112-113, 125 .; [12] Before the Temporary Protection Regulation (TPR) came into force, persons concerned were called “guests”: Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 108 .; [13] Information provided by Mälteci-Der, December 2017; Bodrum Women's Solidarity Association, December 2017 .; [14] Without a valid registration document, a persons' residing in Turkey is illegal. Hence, unregistered persons are excluded from all governmental services (education, health, protection, etc.) and frequently will be unlawfully arrested. Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 59 .; [15] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 55 .; [16] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 70 .; [17] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 79 .; [18] Strategies of Resistance of Syrian Female Refugees in Şanlıurfa, Rejane Herwig, 01.2018; [19] Refugees International, Legal employment still inaccessible for refugees in Turkey, December 2017, 5, 11-12 .; [20] Papatya Bostancı, '“Çalışanı Meşgul Etmeyin”: Merdivenaltı Tekstil Atölyelerinde Mälteci Kadın Olmak', 30 September 2017, available in Turkish at: http://bit.ly/2CLBLNF .; [21] Asylum Information Database (AIDA), Country Report: Turkey, Update 2017, p. 109 .; [22] https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/syrische-fluechtlinge-in-der-tuerkei-der-unmut-wird-von-tag-zu- tag-groesser / 20918624.html